Njengoba ulwazi lomhlaba wonke ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo lukhula, izindlela zokusetshenziswa nokukhiqiza izikhwama zokudla nazo ziyashintsha kancane kancane. Izikhwama zokudla zepulasitiki zendabuko ziye zathola ukunakwa okwengeziwe ngenxa yokulimaza kwazo imvelo. Amazwe athathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo nokukhuthaza ucwaningo, intuthuko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibolayo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola isimo samanje sezikhwama zokudla, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, kanye nesiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.
1. Isimo samanje sezikhwama zokudla
Njengezinto zokupakisha ezibalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke, izikhwama zokudla zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezitolo ezinkulu, ekuphekeni, ezindaweni zokudla kanye nakweminye imikhakha. Ngokwezibalo, inani lezikhwama zepulasitiki ezikhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke minyaka yonke lifinyelela ezigidigidini, futhi ingxenye enkulu yazo isetshenziselwa ukupakisha ukudla. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kulethe izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo. Kuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuthi ipulasitiki ibole endaweni yemvelo, futhi izinto eziyingozi zizokhishwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokubola, kungcolise inhlabathi kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe amaningi nezifunda aqale ukuqaphela le nkinga futhi aqalise izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki. Isibonelo, i-European Union yaphasisa i-Plastic Bags Directive ngo-2015, edinga amazwe angamalungu ukuthi anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezilahlwayo zibe ngu-90 kumuntu ngamunye ngonyaka ngo-2021. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-China iphinde yasebenzisa "ukuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki" emadolobheni amaningi ukukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenzise izinto ezibolayo.
2. Izingozi zemvelo zezikhwama zepulasitiki
Izingozi zemvelo zezikhwama zepulasitiki zibonakala kakhulu kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
Ukungcola kolwandle: Inani elikhulu lezikhwama zepulasitiki liyalahlwa ngokuthanda futhi ekugcineni ligeleza olwandle, libe yingxenye yemfucuza yolwandle. Izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zidla ngephutha izikhwama zepulasitiki, okubangela ukufa kwazo noma ukukhula okungavamile, okuthinta kakhulu ibhalansi yemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi: Lapho izikhwama zepulasitiki zibola enhlabathini, zikhipha amakhemikhali ayingozi, athinta ikhwalithi yomhlabathi kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo.
Ukulahlwa kwemithombo: Ukukhiqizwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki kudla imithombo eminingi kaphethiloli, ebingasetshenziswa kwezinye izinjongo eziwusizo kakhulu.
3. Ukwanda kwezikhwama zokudla ezibolayo
Zibhekene nezinkinga zemvelo ezibangelwa izikhwama zepulasitiki, izinkampani eziningi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi seziqalile ukwakha izikhwama zokudla ezibolayo. Lezi zikhwama zivame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezivuselelekayo njengesitashi sezitshalo kanye ne-polylactic acid (PLA), ezingabola ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okunciphisa umthwalo emvelweni.
Izikhwama zesitashi sezitshalo: Lolu hlobo lwesikhwama lwenziwe kakhulu ngezinto zokusetshenziswa zezitshalo ezifana nesitashi sommbila, futhi luhambisana kahle nezinto eziphilayo futhi lubola. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izikhwama zesitashi sezitshalo zingabola ngokuphelele zingakapheli izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.
Izikhwama ze-polylactic acid: I-polylactic acid iyi-bioplastic eyenziwe ngezinsiza ezivuselelekayo (njengesitashi sommbila) enezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini kanye nokucaca, efanelekile ukupakishwa kokudla. Izikhwama ze-polylactic acid zingonakaliswa zingakapheli izinyanga eziyi-6 ngaphansi kwezimo zomquba wezimboni.
Ezinye izinto ezintsha: Ngaphezu kwesitashi sezitshalo kanye ne-polylactic acid, abacwaningi bahlola nezinye izinto ezibolayo, njengezicucu zasolwandle, i-mycelium, njll. Lezi zinto ezintsha azigcini nje ngokuba nobungane nemvelo, kodwa futhi zinikeza ukusebenza okungcono kokupakisha.
4. Izinselele zezikhwama zokudla ezibolayo
Nakuba izikhwama zokudla ezibolayo zinezinzuzo ezisobala ekuvikelweni kwemvelo, zisabhekene nezinselele ezithile enkambisweni yokukhushulwa nokusetshenziswa:
Izinkinga zezindleko: Njengamanje, izindleko zokukhiqiza izinto ezibolayo ngokuvamile ziphakeme kunezezinto zepulasitiki zendabuko, okwenza abathengisi abaningi basavame ukusebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki ezishibhile lapho bekhetha izinto zokupakisha.
Ukwazisa abathengi: Abathengi abaningi abanalo ulwazi olwanele ngezikhwama zokudla ezibolayo futhi basajwayele ukusebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki zendabuko. Indlela yokuthuthukisa ulwazi lomphakathi ngemvelo nokubakhuthaza ukuba bakhethe imikhiqizo ebolayo kuyisihluthulelo sokukhuthazwa.
Uhlelo lokuvuselela: Ukuvuselela nokuphatha izikhwama zokudla ezibolayo kudinga ukusungulwa kohlelo lomsindo. Njengamanje, izindawo eziningi azikakhi indlela ephumelelayo yokuvuselela, engabangela ukuthi izikhwama ezibolayo zixutshwe nezikhwama zepulasitiki ezivamile ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelapha, okuthinta umphumela wokonakala.
5. Isiqondiso Sentuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo
Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuthandwa nokusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zokudla ezibolayo, ohulumeni, amabhizinisi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi kufanele basebenzisane ukuthatha lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Ukusekelwa kwenqubomgomo: Uhulumeni kufanele ethule izinqubomgomo ezifanele zokukhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise futhi asebenzise izinto ezibolayo, futhi ahlinzeke ngezibonelelo noma izikhuthazo zentela kumabhizinisi asebenzisa izikhwama ezibolayo.
Imfundo yomphakathi: Ngokusebenzisa umphakathi kanye nemfundo, kuthuthukisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi ngezikhwama zokudla ezibolayo futhi kukhuthaze abathengi ukuba bakhethe imikhiqizo enobungani nemvelo.
Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ukwandisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezibolayo, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinto ukuze kuhlangatshezwane kangcono nesidingo semakethe.
Thuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenzisa kabusha: Sungula futhi uthuthukise uhlelo lokusebenzisa kabusha nokwelapha izinto ezibolayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyawohloka ngempumelelo ngemva kokusetshenziswa futhi unciphise umthelela emvelweni.
Isiphetho: Indlela eya ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kwezikhwama zokudla inde futhi inzima, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa umphakathi, sinesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukupakishwa kokudla kwesikhathi esizayo kuzoba luhlaza futhi kube nobungane nemvelo. Ngemizamo ehlanganyelwe, singakha indawo yokuhlala engcono yezizukulwane ezizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-07-2024
